Linux ❀ route + ip route 系统路由配置内容梳理
1、网络环境准备
查看网卡地址与路由信息
#查看网卡信息
[root@localhost ~]# ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens160: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:55:09:64 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
3: virbr0: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state DOWN group default qlen 1000
link/ether 52:54:00:55:57:ac brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.122.1/24 brd 192.168.122.255 scope global virbr0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
4: virbr0-nic: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc fq_codel master virbr0 state DOWN group default qlen 1000
link/ether 52:54:00:55:57:ac brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
#查看路由信息
[root@localhost ~]# route -n
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
192.168.122.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 virbr0
2、方法一：route
注意：使用route命令添加的路由，机器重启或网卡重启后路由会失效
[root@localhost ~]# route help
Usage: route [-nNvee] [-FC] [<AF>] List kernel routing tables
route [-v] [-FC] {add|del|flush} ... Modify routing table for AF.
route {-h|--help} [<AF>] Detailed usage syntax for specified AF.
route {-V|--version} Display version/author and exit.
-v, --verbose be verbose
-n, --numeric don't resolve names
-e, --extend display other/more information
-F, --fib display Forwarding Information Base (default)
-C, --cache display routing cache instead of FIB
<AF>=Use -4, -6, '-A <af>' or '--<af>'; default: inet
List of possible address families (which support routing):
inet (DARPA Internet) inet6 (IPv6) ax25 (AMPR AX.25)
netrom (AMPR NET/ROM) ipx (Novell IPX) ddp (Appletalk DDP)
x25 (CCITT X.25)
操作案例
#添加10.1.1.0/24网段静态路由，网关为192.168.122.1
[root@localhost ~]# route
add default del dev dyn gw -host irtt metric mod mss -net netmask reinstate reject window
[root@localhost ~]# route add
default del dev dyn gw -host irtt metric mod mss -net netmask reinstate reject window
[root@localhost ~]# route add -net 10.1.1.0/24 gw 192.168.122.1
[root@localhost ~]# route -n
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
10.1.1.0 192.168.122.1 255.255.255.0 UG 0 0 0 virbr0
192.168.122.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 virbr0
#添加10.1.1.1主机路由（32位）出口设备为virbr0
[root@localhost ~]# route add -host 10.1.1.1 dev
ens160 lo virbr0 virbr0-nic
[root@localhost ~]# route add -host 10.1.1.1 dev virbr0
[root@localhost ~]# route -n
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
10.1.1.0 192.168.122.1 255.255.255.0 UG 0 0 0 virbr0
10.1.1.1 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 virbr0
192.168.122.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 virbr0
#添加默认路由，两种方法均可实现
[root@localhost ~]# route add -net 0.0.0.0/0 gw 192.168.122.1
[root@localhost ~]# route add default gw 192.168.122.1
[root@localhost ~]# route -n
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
0.0.0.0 192.168.122.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 virbr0
10.1.1.0 192.168.122.1 255.255.255.0 UG 0 0 0 virbr0
10.1.1.1 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 virbr0
192.168.122.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 virbr0
#删除某条路由
[root@localhost ~]# route del -net 10.1.1.0/24 gw 192.168.122.1
[root@localhost ~]# route del default gw 192.168.122.1
[root@localhost ~]# route del -host 10.1.1.1 gw 192.168.122.1
3、方法二：ip route
注意：使用ip route命令添加的路由，机器重启或网卡重启后路由会失效
[root@localhost ~]# ip route help
Usage: ip route { list | flush } SELECTOR
ip route save SELECTOR
ip route restore
ip route showdump
ip route get [ ROUTE_GET_FLAGS ] ADDRESS
[ from ADDRESS iif STRING ]
[ oif STRING ] [ tos TOS ]
[ mark NUMBER ] [ vrf NAME ]
[ uid NUMBER ] [ ipproto PROTOCOL ]
[ sport NUMBER ] [ dport NUMBER ]
ip route { add | del | change | append | replace } ROUTE
SELECTOR := [ root PREFIX ] [ match PREFIX ] [ exact PREFIX ]
[ table TABLE_ID ] [ vrf NAME ] [ proto RTPROTO ]
[ type TYPE ] [ scope SCOPE ]
ROUTE := NODE_SPEC [ INFO_SPEC ]
NODE_SPEC := [ TYPE ] PREFIX [ tos TOS ]
[ table TABLE_ID ] [ proto RTPROTO ]
[ scope SCOPE ] [ metric METRIC ]
[ ttl-propagate { enabled | disabled } ]
INFO_SPEC := { NH | nhid ID } OPTIONS FLAGS [ nexthop NH ]...
NH := [ encap ENCAPTYPE ENCAPHDR ] [ via [ FAMILY ] ADDRESS ]
[ dev STRING ] [ weight NUMBER ] NHFLAGS
FAMILY := [ inet | inet6 | mpls | bridge | link ]
OPTIONS := FLAGS [ mtu NUMBER ] [ advmss NUMBER ] [ as [ to ] ADDRESS ]
[ rtt TIME ] [ rttvar TIME ] [ reordering NUMBER ]
[ window NUMBER ] [ cwnd NUMBER ] [ initcwnd NUMBER ]
[ ssthresh NUMBER ] [ realms REALM ] [ src ADDRESS ]
[ rto_min TIME ] [ hoplimit NUMBER ] [ initrwnd NUMBER ]
[ features FEATURES ] [ quickack BOOL ] [ congctl NAME ]
[ pref PREF ] [ expires TIME ] [ fastopen_no_cookie BOOL ]
TYPE := { unicast | local | broadcast | multicast | throw |
unreachable | prohibit | blackhole | nat }
TABLE_ID := [ local | main | default | all | NUMBER ]
SCOPE := [ host | link | global | NUMBER ]
NHFLAGS := [ onlink | pervasive ]
RTPROTO := [ kernel | boot | static | NUMBER ]
PREF := [ low | medium | high ]
TIME := NUMBER[s|ms]
BOOL := [1|0]
FEATURES := ecn
ENCAPTYPE := [ mpls | ip | ip6 | seg6 | seg6local ]
ENCAPHDR := [ MPLSLABEL | SEG6HDR ]
SEG6HDR := [ mode SEGMODE ] segs ADDR1,ADDRi,ADDRn [hmac HMACKEYID] [cleanup]
SEGMODE := [ encap | inline ]
ROUTE_GET_FLAGS := [ fibmatch ]
操作案例
#添加静态路由
[root@localhost ~]# ip route
add append change del flush get help list monitor replace
[root@localhost ~]# ip route add 10.1.1.0/24 via 192.168.122.1
[root@localhost ~]# route -n
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
10.1.1.0 192.168.122.1 255.255.255.0 UG 0 0 0 virbr0
192.168.122.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 virbr0
[root@localhost ~]# ip route add 10.1.1.1/32 dev virbr0
[root@localhost ~]# route -n
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
10.1.1.0 192.168.122.1 255.255.255.0 UG 0 0 0 virbr0
10.1.1.1 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 virbr0
192.168.122.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 virbr0
#添加默认路由
[root@localhost ~]# ip route add default via 192.168.122.1
[root@localhost ~]# ip route del default via 192.168.122.1
[root@localhost ~]# ip route add default dev virbr0
[root@localhost ~]# route -n
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 U 0 0 0 virbr0
10.1.1.0 192.168.122.1 255.255.255.0 UG 0 0 0 virbr0
10.1.1.1 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 virbr0
192.168.122.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 virbr0
4、添加永久生效路由
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/rc.d/rc.local
#!/bin/bash
# THIS FILE IS ADDED FOR COMPATIBILITY PURPOSES
#
# It is highly advisable to create own systemd services or udev rules
# to run scripts during boot instead of using this file.
#
# In contrast to previous versions due to parallel execution during boot
# this script will NOT be run after all other services.
#
# Please note that you must run 'chmod +x /etc/rc.d/rc.local' to ensure
# that this script will be executed during boot.
touch /var/lock/subsys/local
#文件末尾添加路由配置，同第2、3节内容
route add -net 10.1.1.0/24 gw 192.168.122.1
route add -host 10.1.1.1 dev virbr0
ip route add 20.1.1.0/24 via 192.168.122.1 dev virbr0
#重启验证路由是否生效
[root@localhost ~]# reboot
[root@localhost ~]# shutdown -r now
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